Essay about Hamlet - 702 Words

The phrase quot;there is a hero to every storyquot; has been heard of by almost all. But can this be true if the hero doesnt survive through the story? It all depends on the definition of hero. A person can still be classified as a hero even if they do not live to see the good that they have done or accomplished in their lifetime. This type of hero is a tragic hero. A tragic hero is a good and admirable man of high position who falls to destruction as a result of some great error he commits or some flaw in his character. This meaning can be broken down into three parts. The first is that the person must be in some way distinguished as an honorable person of high stature. The next feature they must possess is some sort of fault or flaw†¦show more content†¦Hamlet was brave and intelligent, as well as loyal. He showed his loyalties to his father, Hamlet, Sr., after his death by mourning him and disapproving of his mothers marriage to his uncle (I.ii.133-156). The people who we re around him saw this in him and admired him for it. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The next trait he possessed was a tragic flaw. The fault in Hamlets character was brought about by the sadistic murder of his father. Once the Ghost of Hamlet, Sr. told him of the murder his need to find the truth became an obsession. Hamlet then begins to act mad and plays mind games with others, in which he believes he has complete control (II.ii.402-403). This obsession led him to set up a play of his own fathers murder so he could witness the reaction of Claudius and find out if the villainous deed was in fact the truth, in which he would avenge his fathers death (II.ii.633-634). When the Kings reaction to Hamlets quot;Mousetrapquot; is rather obvious of his crime, Hamlet, by fortunes star, or fate has vowed to avenge his fathers death (III.ii.290-295). His obsession to avenge his fathers death was his tragic flaw. What Hamlet believes is his fate, is actually the cause of his own destruction. Although his death was not the only destruction caused by his tragic flaw. He ends up killing Polonius, believing it was the King, Claudius (III.iv.27-34). Ophelias madness was then created because of this death, in combination with Hamlet telling her he didntShow MoreRelatedHamlet Madness In Hamlet1293 Words   |  6 Pages When reading Shakespeare’s Hamlet as a class, the first thing that most teachers or professors point out is the argument/idea of sanity, specifically Hamlets sanity. I believe that Hamlet is, in fact, feigning his madness. What I do not know is if I believe this because it is what I was taught or if I came up with the idea myself based on my own interpretation. When I was taught Hamlet there was no argument it was just fact that he was faking his madness. Because of my confusion, I came to findRead MoreHamlet1304 Words   |  6 Pagesunderlying themes of revenge, incest, and suicide, William Shakespeare’s Hamlet was remembered by many Elizabethan Era viewers as both a philosophical and oft-debated masterpiece (Dickson). These controversial themes attracted viewers everywhere, enticing them to see the play. One scene in particular from the original text of the play where this proves true is act IV, scene iv, lines 31-65, in which the titular character Hamlet decides tha t the time for revenge is at hand in an insightful soliloquyRead MoreHamlet787 Words   |  4 PagesElements of Drama: A Review of Hamlet Elements of Drama: A Review of Hamlet The way an artist creates a sculpture is similar to the tactics of a drama writer. While artist focus on the color and shape of their creations, writers of drama focus on specific elements. In Hamlet, Shakespeare uses plot, character, setting, staging, and theme to create a well-rounded story. One of the first elements of drama is plot. Considered to be the foundation, plot is theRead MoreHamlet As The Tragic Hero Of The Play Hamlet 1314 Words   |  6 PagesIn order to better understand Hamlet one must first asses, and define man. According to webster dictionary a man is a male often having the qualities associated with bravery,script or toughness(site webster dictionary www.define a man.com here). We know the male figure is known to exhibit distinctive male traits such as strength, dignity, courage and be a provider and supporter. As seen in Hamlet one must understand the male figure to better understand Hamlet and why the male behave in such waysRead MoreHamlet Analysis : Hamlet 1149 Words   |  5 PagesEnglish December 7, 2015 Hamlet Analysis Prince Hamlet is a man who enjoys contemplating difficult philosophical questions. When his father the king of Denmark, was killed by his uncle. when Hamlet returns he sees his ghost after he returns home to find evidence of his father’s death. The Ghost of Hamlet tells Prince Hamlet that his uncle Claudius his uncle was the one who killed his father with poison of the ear. Throughout the rest of the story with him, Hamlet seeks to prove his uncle ClaudiusRead More Character of Hamlet in Shakespeares Hamlet Essay1324 Words   |  6 PagesCharacter of Hamlet in Shakespeares Hamlet Hamlet is a man of many discoveries. The tragic hero in Shakespeares Hamlet undergoes many changes throughout the play. His mindset is set deep and far away from the physical world that both helps him and hinders him in his plight for revenge against his uncle, Claudius, and his mother. When Hamlet is first introduced in Act I, Scene II, the reader is shown the depths of his sorrow. The King asks Hamlet How is it that the clouds still hangRead MoreHamlet : William Shakespeare s Hamlet1259 Words   |  6 PagesOmar Sancho Professor Christopher Cook English 201-0810 Hamlet Paper 23 May 2016 Hamlet Character Analysis â€Å"There is nothing either good or bad, but thinking makes it so.†(Act 2, Scene 2, 239-251) Hamlet by William Shakespeare is one of the most famous plays written that conveys a multitude theme. But most predominant is the presence of Hamlet s obsession with philosophy of life, throughout the play Hamlet philosophy reviles his point of view love, loyalty, the importance of family and friendsRead MoreOphelia and Hamlet in The Tragedy of Hamlet Essay1559 Words   |  7 PagesOphelia and Hamlet In 1600, William Shakespeare composed what is considered the greatest tragedy of all time, Hamlet, the tragedy of the Prince of Denmark. His masterpiece forever redefined what tragedy should be. Critics have analyzed it word for word for nearly four hundred years, with each generation appreciating Hamlet in its own way. While Hamlet conforms, without a doubt, to Aristotles definition of a tragedy, one question still lingers. Did Shakespeare intend for the reader or viewerRead More Hamlet Essay599 Words   |  3 PagesThe Revenge of Prince Hamlet nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Shakespeare’s, Hamlet, is a wonderfully written play that has many tangled webs of lies, betrayal, and revenge. The play starts off with the death of Hamlets father, the king. One night Hamlet sees the ghost of his dead father. The ghost speaks to Hamlet and tells him that he was killed by Claudius. Claudius, who is Hamlets uncle, has recently become the new king and as well married Hamlets fathers wife, GertrudeRead More Hamlet Essay1107 Words   |  5 Pages Perhaps the most famous soliloquy in literature, these words reflect the state of desperation in which Hamlet, the Prince of Denmark, finds himself as he contemplates suicide. His father, the King, has died. His mother, the Queen, has remarried within a month of the Kings passing, an act which has disturbed young Hamlet in and of it. To make it worse, she has married the Kings brother, Hamlets uncle, who is now the King of Denmark. As Hamlets despair deepens, he learns through the appearance

Our Obligation to Help the Homeless - 928 Words

The sun was already dipping behind the horizon, but the daylight still lingered in the sky. People watched with an unwavering gaze, as a fiery red orb of light slowly sank beneath the horizon, and threads of light pierced the sky, until all that was left of the sunset was darkness. Then, suddenly the clouds lingered together, becoming darker as time passed. Heavy rain flooded the streets. Fortunately, so many of us can be in the comfort of our homes avoiding getting drenched, but much more of us have to suffer with the agony of not having a real place to call their home. What if everything was suddenly snatched from you, forcing you and possibly your family out to the unpredictable streets with little to nothing? This might not even cross†¦show more content†¦Instead, make your donations to a well-known organization in your community. Many shelters and soup kitchens also welcome contributions and helping can also be as simple as donating or buying a warm meal or blanket. The Association of Gospel Rescue Missions represents 300 rescue missions in U.S. and Canadian cities offering food and shelter, youth and family services, prison outreach and rehab programs for the mentally ill, elderly, urban poor and street youth. They are a great place to donate and contribute your time to. You can also give other things, such as, your time to tutor the children. A tutor can make all the difference. Just having your attention can encourage children to do their best. Just imagine how your sibling, relative or very own children feels when you show them attention. Additionally, no matter what is done to help, respect is always the key. If you cannot do any of those things, the one thing you can do is to show them respect. â€Å"Most of the despair in being homeless comes from being treated like you don’t exist,† according to David Pirtle. A warm smile or an acknowledgment—might be all that is appropriate in a situation. Talk to them with genuine interest and recognize their value as an individual, you will give them a sense of dignity that they rarely experience. Lastly, if you are a spiritual person, prayer is one of the easiest and most positive ways you can help the homeless. Because of the harshness of their lives, many homelessShow MoreRelatedThe Problem Of The Homelessness Epidemic1681 Words   |  7 Pageslaw provides funding for homeless people, but this often leads to discrimination because it is so difficult to gain access to these funds. Roscoe Pound, one of the most cited legal scholars of the 20th century,   points out how the â€Å"laws on the street† too often   differ from the â€Å"laws on the books† and result in discrimination. Homeless people suffer from government bureaucracy that makes it   almost impossible for a homeless person to successfully receive   aid without help from others. The applicationRead MoreThe Plan For Eradicating Homelessness1203 Words   |  5 Pagesincreasing the availability and accessibility of supportive services such as substance abuse and mental health programs. In 2005, The Committee to End Homelessness in King County (CEHKC) began its implementation of â€Å"A Roof Over Every Bed in King County: Our Community s Ten-Year Plan to End Homelessness. This plan outlined strategies to end and prevent homelessness with a focus on increasing permanent housing (Ryan, 2015). While many individuals have been housed, there are still long wait lists and theRead MoreHow Ana Codes Of Ethics Affect Nursing Practice1084 Words   |  5 Pagesscenario, a middle aged man is admitted to the hospital because of his bleeding ulcer. He is homeless and admits that he drinks alcohol daily and we don’t know if the hospital and nursing staff should provide a great deal of resources in order to care for him. The purpose of this paper is to show how ANA codes of Ethics affect nursing practice by combining effective and richer care. The Code of Ethics help in determining how a competent nurse can provide a good quality care based on ethical valuesRead MoreThe Problem O f Being Homeless1046 Words   |  5 PagesBeing homeless is not how most of us would think about how we may be living. However, at any given time there are around 578,424 people that experience homelessness every day (â€Å"The State of Homelessness† 3). In the same way, I am sure this is not how they thought they would be living their lives as well, but most of these people that are experiencing being homeless have no choice. As we pass these people on the street, we look at them as if they are criminals; they are not contributing to societyRead MoreRacism Against Non Housed Individuals Essay1202 Words   |  5 Pagesto religious worship, the world is often divided into groups that peak our interest for better or for worst. One group who has voices that are seldom heard are that of homeless men. Through the testimony of one homeless man in particular, John Doe, it is hoped that a better understanding and awareness can be brought to the masses. I myself have been prejudice against non-housed individuals. I have given money to a homeless man and presumed he would buy drugs or alcohol with it. When I see themRead MoreThe Issue Of Affordable Housing1256 Words   |  6 Pagesaffordable housing in San Jose. There are nearly 5,000 homeless people in San Jose. There are thousands more on waiting lists for affordable housing, some using more than 50 percent of their daily income for rent, or in danger of losing their homes. Homelessness impacts our community, our environment, and our homeless neighbors. Addressing the issue of homelessness is a constant battle between respecting the rights and also meeting the needs of the homeless individuals. This was continuously brought up duringRead MoreHomelessness Is Not An Issue Essay1385 Words   |  6 Pagescardboard signs they stand, collecting spare change in hopes of finding something to eat or somewhere to spend the night. These are our neighbors. To someone they may be a parent, c hild, friend, brother or sister and yet, we ignore them as we pass them on the street as if they are only a nuisance. As the people of Denver, we need to stop brushing aside the homeless and start working toward solutions to the problem. Homelessness affects real people who each have a unique story. As fellow humans, homelessnessRead MoreI Have Worked With Endeavors And Aptitude Showing Projects Serving Them And Others Living1220 Words   |  5 Pagesin our general public that is made and held up by an immense gathering of myths and suppositions, the vast majority of which aren t right. These misguided judgments are hazardous and they genuinely meddle with endeavors to help those in need. Some of these contrary impressions are so imbued into our general public that even a few individuals may trust some of them. A large portion of these mistaken representations make individuals who might somehow or another need to help unwilling to help individualsRead MoreHomeless Veterans Throughout The City Of Los Angeles1678 Words   |  7 PagesThe growing number of homeless veterans in the city of Los Angeles is growing out control, this issue is a social phenomenon that affects every city across the country; small or large. It is important to understand that consequently, one way or another, this issue affects not only the homeless veteran, the city, state and government, but every citizen within each city. Bring forth more attention to the fact that additional resources are required; resources such as prevention programs, services, educationRead MoreUsaid Fund : A Transitional Branch Of The Charitable And Nonprofit Organization1726 Words   |  7 PagesIn the United States to day, many of our military Veterans are experiencing poverty. Although resources are provided for them by the government, funds are scarce when it comes to answering the escalating demands to assist homeless military veterans as they become unproductive upon their returns in the United States from fighting wars abroad. As regards to such problem, an organization referred to as GIGO Fund is established to rescue this particular group of destitute military Veterans and tried

The Great Awakening Free Essays

Great Awakening revived and reformed religion by creating a new intensely-emotional approach to Church teachings. New Light preachers added a much needed Jolt to this religious slump of boring and uninspiring sermons. They rivaled, and served as serious competition for the traditional â€Å"Old Light† teachers. We will write a custom essay sample on The Great Awakening or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, was the Great Awakening a key contribution to the American Revolution? I can agree, but, the true answer Is Indecisive. Whether the â€Å"Awakening† did or did not influence independence in America, this new wave of religious freedom is with no doubt an important landmark in history. Despite disagreeing to this next opinion, the â€Å"supposedly† ineffective relationship between the Great Awakening and the revolution is supported with heavy content. According to some, this religious involvement was merely, as Jon Butler puts it, an â€Å"interpretative fiction†. This states that the Great Awakening was a meaningful symbol with no valid reference; it had â€Å"more talk, and less substance†. Butler also argues that historians took â€Å"revivals having little connection† and unified them Into one big affair. When merging with the world of politics, Church leaders failed to spread religion because of failure to defend It. They never supported the Awakening with â€Å"factional alignments† (historical evidence) and even failed to show strong â€Å"discontent with the Imperial relationship†. Some rebellious factions like Samuel Ward’s and Stephen Hopkins in Rhode Island, and several New York resistance parties, were never linked to the Great Awakening. Defiance groups against Britain were already established without the help of a religious influence. The arguments that supported this â€Å"enlightenment† weren’t convincing enough to influence such a revolt. Nevertheless, the Great Awakening inspired a new freely independent way of elisions and political thinking in British-America either way. Ezra Stiles was an American clergyman who worried about an imminent forthcoming of religious freedom In the colonies. This fear was an example of how such a religious movement could easily become a threat to the British. This freedom also institutes and Inspires an Ideology of liberty. Led by Jonathan Edwards, George Whitfield, and the Tenets, these â€Å"New Light† preachers emotionally Impacted the view of parishioners. Their explosive innovative interpretations of faith to God and their fiery sermons changed religion forever. James Davenport was known for preaching in the streets; gathering listeners to learn about a different approach to receive God’s favor. Davenport â€Å"encouraged his followers to cast away their fine clothes† and other valuables to live their life based on God and not by material things. Because of the New Light’s favor for education, many famous ivy-league colleges were created from it too. Their inspiration on social, political, and educational subjects marks the power of religious influence. It was a significant event that united the Americans to share something together as a group. This newly and largely formed congregation shaped how Americans viewed society and religion to what It Is today. Even with well supported Information, negative views towards the Great Awakening aren’t as convincing as the power of God. Cods presence of higher authority gave Americans hope that the British aren’t strong enough to rule over them forever. Traditional teachings of the now respected as a fair, merciful, powerful, and fair leader whom the people could look up to. What was also learned under God was that all men were created are equal. America uses this term as inspiration for their separation considering that it was mentioned in the â€Å"Declaration of Independence†. The equality of man and the justice of the Lord gave an opportunity for them to be free; free from English rule. As harmless as the â€Å"building of stronger faith† sounds, religion has the ability to inspire a revolution. The newfound feeling of pride for God and country was a strong impact to America. They couldn’t let that go. They were starting to feel more like a country and â€Å"united† nation. It was impossible to Juggle between their newfound religious and social beliefs with Britain’s already established religious and social beliefs. With the accomplishments of the Great Awakening, came the start of a separation that will change history. How to cite The Great Awakening, Papers The Great Awakening Free Essays The Great Awakening occurred around during the 18th Century. It was led by Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield. It was a spiritual rebirth that swept over American colonies during the beginning of the 18th Century. We will write a custom essay sample on The Great Awakening or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Great Awakening resulted in the growth of the Presbyterian, Methodist, and Baptist Churches. This rebirth was intended to renew Puritanism and appeal to the colonists’ emotions by taking away the coldness and replacing it with a religion that they could be more involved in. Political uncertainty and economic instability distracted communists from religious obligations (http://www. great-awakening. com/? page_id=12). When the awakening took place people were not only just members of the church but they began to really learn about their religion and engage more in prayer. This also allowed these people to be more in touch with God. Not only by prayer was this able to happen, but also through song, readings, language, and social conscience. The Great Awakening revealed that people were interested in modifying religion to meet their needs (http://www. great-awakening. com/? page_id=12). The Great Awakening caused what was said to be a â€Å"religious fever† which caused believers to break away from the church because they church wasn’t fulfilling their needs. This event led to the desire to leave their mother country, England. The break away prepared America for its War of Independence. After a while, colonists began to realize that political power was in their own hands (http://christianbookshelf. org/greene/the_development_of_religious_liberty_in_connecticut/chapter_ix_the_great_awakening. htm) Does America need a Great Awakening today? In my opinion, I think that we just might need it. There are so many crimes taking place this day and times that there is no way that people are taking part in their religious life. There are robberies, murders, rape, etc. constantly happening in the country. If we were to have another Great Awakening it could possibly decrease the amount of these crimes committed. An article that I have recently read was saying how Anti-Christian plays were performed at schools such as Dartmouth. Also in New Jersey, a bible was taken from a Presbyterian church and was burned in a bonfire held for the public. Let’s take a look at entertainment these days. For example, some of these used to be Disney stars that stole the hearts of young boys and girls, are now sexualized and have been in trouble for drugs and addiction. People are turning away from their Christian values for How to cite The Great Awakening, Papers

Shannon and Weaver Model and Its Application free essay sample

Them in code, expressing the sources purpose in the form ofa message. Its fairly easy to think in terms of source and encoder when you are talking on the phone (transmitter in Shannons terminology). You are the source of the message and the phone is the encoder which does the Job of turning your sounds into electrical impulses. The distinction is not quite so obvious when you think of yourself communicating face-to-face. In person-to-person communication, the encoding process is performed by the motor skills of the source vocal mechanisms (lip and tongue movements, the vocal cords, the lungs, face muscles etc. muscles in the hand and so on. Some peoples encoding systems are not as efficient as others. So, for example, a disabled person might not be able to control movement of their limbs and so find it difficult to encode the intended non-verbal messages or they may communicate unintended messages. We will write a custom essay sample on Shannon and Weaver Model and Its Application or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A person who has suffered throat cancer may have had their vocal cords removed. They can encode their messages verbally using an artificial aid, but much of the non-verbal messages most of us send via pitch, intonation, volume and so on cannot be encoded. Shannon was not particularly concerned with the communication of meanings. The inclusion of the encoding and decoding processes is very helpful to us since it draws our attention to the possibility of a mismatch between the operation of the encoding and decoding devices, which can cause semantic noise to be set up. With good reason, the source of the message may wonder whether the picture in the receivers head will bear any resemblance to whats in his/her own. Shannon-weaver: The Message The message of course is what communication is all about. Whatever is communicated is the message The Shannon-Weaver Model, in common with many others separates the message from ther components of the process of communication. In reality, though, you can only reasonably examine the message within the context of all the other interlinked elements. Whenever we are in contact with other people we and they are involved in sending and receiving messages. The crucial question for Communication Studies is: to what extent does the message received correspond to the message transmitted? Thats where all the other factors in the communication process come into play. The Shannon-Weaver model and others like it tends to portray the message as a relatively uncomplicated matter. Frequently the messages have meaning that is they refer to or are correlated according to some system with certain physical or conceptual entities. These considerations are irrelevant to the engineering problem. It may however be a criticism of the application of Shannons model to the more general area of human- to-human communication. Meanings are assumed to be somehow contained within the signs used in the message and the receiver can, as it were, take them out again. Matters such as the social context in which the message is transmitted, the assumptions made by source and receiver, their past experiences and so on are imply disregarded. In this respect, models, which incorporate such factors, are probably more revealing of the complexity of the communication process. Shannon- Weaver: The Channel The words channel and medium are often used interchangeably, if slightly inaccurately. The choice (a pretty stupid one above) of the appropriate channel is a vitally important choice in communication. Its obvious that you dont use the visual channel to communicate with the blind or the auditory channel with the deaf, but there are more subtle considerations to be taken into account as well Shannon- Weaver: Physical noise Shannon is generally considered to have been primarily concerned with physical (or mechanical or engineering) noise in the channel, i. e. unexplained variation in a communication channel or random error in the transmission of information. An example of physical noise is a loud motorbike roaring down the road while youre trying to hold a conversation However, it is possible for a message to be distorted by channel overload. Channel overload is not due to any noise source, but rather to the channel capacity being exceeded. You may come across that at a party where you are olding a conversation amidst lots of others going on around you or, perhaps, in a Communication lesson where everyone has split into small groups for discussion or simulations. Shannon and Weaver were primarily involved with the investigation of technological communication. Their model is perhaps more accurately referred to as a model of information theory (rather than communication theory). Consequently, their main concern was with the kind of physical (or mechanical) noise discussed above. Shannon-weaver: The Decoder Just as a source needs an encoder to translate her purposes into a message, so the receiver needs a decoder to retranslate. The decoder (receiver in Shannons paper) is an interesting and very useful development over, say, the Lasswell Formula. If you take a look at our discussion of the receiver, youll see that we considered how, for example, a blind person would not have the equipment to receive whatever non-verbal messages you send in the visual channel. The notion of a decoder reminds us that it is quite possible for a person to have all the equipment required to receive the messages you send (all five senses, any necessary technology and so on) and yet be unable to decode your messages. Shannon-weaver: The Receiver For communication to occur , there must be somebody at the other end of the channel. This person or persons can be called the receiver. To put it in Shannons terms, information transmitters and receivers must be similar systems. If they are not, communication cannot occur. What that probably meant as far as he was concerned was that you need a telephone at one end and a telephone at the other, not a telephone connected to a radio. In rather more obviously human terms, the receiver needs to have the equipment to receive the message. A totally blind person as the mental equipment to decode your gestures, but no system for receiving messages in the visual channel. So, your non-verbal messages are not received and youre wasting your energy.

Si duhet ta mbajne fjalen sundimtaret Essays -

Si duhet ta mbajne fjalen sundimtaret Secili e di sa eshte per lavdate kur sundimtari e mban fjalen e jeton me nder e jo me dinakeri, megjithate, ne kohet tona, pervoja po tregon se vepra te medha kane bere ata sundimtare qe i kane kushtuar pak kujdes fjales se dhene e kane ditur me dinakeri t'i sjellin verdalle kokat e njerezve, e qe, me ne fund, kane triumfuar mbi ata te cilet jane mbeshtetur ne ligjshmeri. Pra, duhet te dini se ekgzistojne dy menyra lufte: me ligje e me force. E para, eshte cilesi e njeriut, e dyta, cilesi e shtazeve; mirepo, meqenese e para shpesh nuk mjafton, lypset te zbatohet e dyta. Prandaj, sundimtari duhet te dije mire te sillet me cilesite e shtazes e te njeriut. Mbasi, pra, sundimtari eshte i detyruar te dije mire te sillet si kafshe, lypset te zgjedhe prej tyre dhelpren e luanin: luanin, sepse nuk ruhet nga kurthi; dhelpren, sepse nuk ruhet nga ujqit. Duhet, pra, te jesh dhelper qe t'i njohesh kurthet, ndersa luan, qe t'i trembesh ujqit. Ata qe i trashegojne thjesht vetite e luanit, nuk ia mberrine qellimit si sundimtar. Prandaj sundimtari i mencur nuk duhet ta mbaje fjalen nese ajo shkon ne dem te tij dhe po qe se jane zhdukur shkaqet qe e kane shtyre te premtoje. Sikur te gjithe njerezit te ishin te mire, kjo keshille nuk do te ishte e mire; mirepo, mbasi jane te keqij e mbasi ata nuk do ta mbanin fjalen ndaj teje, as ti nuk duhet ta mbash ndaj tyre. Kurre sundimtarit nuk i kane munguar shkaqet e verteta per te arsyetuar mos mbajtjen e fjales. Lidhur me kete, do te mund te jepeshin shembuj te panumerta qe kane ndodhur rishtas e te tregohet se sa marreveshje per paqe, sa premtime kane mbetur te pavlere e te kota per shkak te pabesise se sundimtareve: ai qe ka ditur, te luaje rolin e dhelpres me mire, ka pasur me shume sukses. Mirepo, lypset te dish mire ta maskosh kete natyre e te jesh shtinjak i madh e hipokrit: njerezit jane aq naiv e aq u binden nevojave prezente sa qe, ai i cili mashtron, gjithmone do te gjeje sish qe lejojne te mashtrohen.

buy custom Cumnor Ice Cream Ltd essay

buy custom Cumnor Ice Cream Ltd essay Introduction Cumnor Ice Cream Ltd is primarily an ice-cream manufacturer and supplier but it also operates its own outlets and directly sells to consumers. The company sells a non-premium ice cream brand that does not compete with well established nationally and internationally distributed ice-cream brands. Its market segments include local consumers, independent retailers and institutions (schools, hospitals and community centres). Over the last ten years, the company has faced several different forms of challenges that ultimately question its sustainability. The challenges have stemmed not only from the external environment but also from the internal environment. The company at present has failed to respond effectively to external challenges and has done little to resolve the problems that have risen from the internal environment. For developing an effective management advice for the company, it is fundamental to analyse the external challenges and problems that are currently faced by the compa ny and highlight key marketing, operational, human resource and financial issues that need to be extensively checked upon to identify loopholes and potential sources of competitive advantage for the company. Analyse two significant developments in the macro external business environment that influence demand for ice cream The external business environment that Cumnor Ice cream Ltd operates in has changed tremendously over the last ten years. The industry that Cumnor Ice Cream Ltd operates in is a small one. There are fewer competitors to worry about in the local market. Cumnor Ice Cream Ltd for a long time has the prime distributor and supplier of ice cream to local retailers and institutions. The grave concern for the business is that the demand of its ice cream has fallen. There are two main sources of this problem. The institutional market segment that comprises of schools, hospitals and community centres are now planning to reduce the amount of ice-cream they purchase from Cumnor Ice Cream. Their plans are related with their rising concerns towards more healthy food for the members of the institutions. Its other customers that fall into the segment of independent retailers are not contributing in terms of high demand either. They constitute a smaller market segment whose significance in terms of sales volume is not high in comparison. On the other hand, Cumnor suffers from seasonal trends in sales. Since the brand is most consumable during summers, one bad summer can produce an adverse impact upon sales. The seasonal trends produce a negative effect on the cash flows of the business and its operational efficiency. The ice cream is only sold in high volume during the summers, whereas, during the winters minimum profitability is attained. The company has forecasted that owing to the change in climate, more bad summers are expected in the near future. This would translate into a drastic fall in sales in future for the company. Analyse the key marketing issues at Cumnor Ice Cream Ltd and recommend the marketing actions you think the business should take It is important to note that the company is focused towards operational efficiency and the management philosophy therein is to make ends meet. The company has been over the years more inclined towards survival than growth. This has been due to the lack of marketing focus within the company. The evidence of the lack of marketing management comes from several issues that pertinent to the existing performance of the company (Hitt et al., 2010). The market positioning that the company has established for itself in the area it distributes to shows how less importace the company gives to its own brand. It is positioned in a low-end market where it sells a non-premium ice cream brand that is perceived to be local and not put in comparison against well established ice cream brands available in the area. The fact the companys management has restrained the ice cream under limits of being a non-premium brand undermines its capability to compete in the high-end ice cream market. This pertains to a narrow approach taken by the management for the brand that could otherwise do better considering the fact the consumers actually have shown interest in the ice cream over the years. The company caters to fewer market segments. This is another marketing issue that has paved way for the current position of the company. Because of this, the ice cream is distributed to limited locations. The distribution is mainly limited to the local region. Over the years the company has made no attempt to enter into new regional markets, attract more retailers and more institutions (Doyle, 2002). Brand focus is nowhere in sight for the ice cream. This is evident from the lack of attention given to the product over the years. There are only flavours that are offered to consumers. Since the launch, the company has failed to add to the flavours and has introduced no innovations that could attract more customers and give the brand an edge in the market. The focus has been instead towards how the product is produced rather than what and for whom it is being produced. The company has never conducted proper and formal market researches to identity industry trends and consumer behaviour that could allow it to identify opportunities and challenges. The company has never invested in advertising and promotional activities. Its strategy has been to curtail supplier and customer relations to benefit its long term association with its customers. This has been rendered as an ineffective strategy as the customers are still choosing to cut down on the supply of ice cream. Because of the lack of interest shown to consumer demands and product innovation, the company is now seen to decline as its existing product, positioning and distribution. The company needs to expand into new markets, strengthen its brand positioning, segmentation and image via introducing new product innovations, packaging and flavours and invest in advertising and promotional activities so that it can equip itself to compete against big rival firms in the middle and high-end market and acquire higher revenues with value additions to its product lines (Johnson and Scholes, 2003). Analyse the key operations issues at Cumnor Ice Cream Ltd and recommend the operations actions you think the business should take Cumnor Ice cream Ltd uses a company-owned manufacturing plant for the production of the ice cream that allows it to benefit from the lower cost of production that otherwise would have been higher as the rates of rent of such a location and size of plant are quite high. However, the cost it saves from the rent payout is offset by the excess capacity in the plant that is spared from being used owing to the seasonality of demand of the ice cream. The focus of the operational management is towards cost and production efficiency. The targeted efficiency levels are far from being acquired as the seasonal variations affect the capacity utilization and several resources remain ineffectively managed. The plant hires fewer full time and more temporary staff for the production of the ice cream. The workers are made redundant and the ones employed are made to over work with limited pay raises to allow further costs to be saved. This hard woven operational strategy has allowed the company to bene fit from short term operational efficiency. In the long term, the company has witnessed a fall in the quality of the product that is distributed to custtomers. Where customers have complaints about the quality, employees have complaints about the improper work schedules as well as lack of proper pay scales. The operational strategy has resulted in lowering the morale of the employees that has ultimately affected their performance outcomes and the quality of the product has been seriously hurt. The attempts to improve quality that Julie, Marks daughter has tried to introduce have failed drastically as she has failed to win the cooperation of the employees in the production unit. This has been the direct outcome of the management approach taken by the company that ignores the importance of motivated employees. Analyse the key human resource issues at Cumnor Ice Cream Ltd (including the structure and culture) and recommend the actions the business should take. Having motivated employees whose rewards are linked with performance outcomes is a strategy that is nowhere to be seen (Dess et al., 2004). The management has ignored this element as a large majority of its staff has been hired on temporary basis. Management tends to ignore that the individual goals and values need to be aligned with the companys values and vision in order to expect effective performance from them. The long term employees share either a family bond or a long term in-formal association with the owners of the company. Because of the nature of the recruitment, fewer effective human resource management techniques and practices are made use of in the company. Employees are selected for hiring based on their willingness to be hired for less pay rather than their commitment with the company to produce quality work for reasonable pay. There is no formal structure. A simple functional structure is followed where operational, marketing, finance and administration share limited coordination and communication amongst themselves. Despite of the fact that the company has limited operations and is small in size, its functional departments operate in isolation (Hill, 2009). The management needs to first define values upon which the organisational culture needs to be based. These can be then translated into the structure, strategy, action plans, management approach, management style, departmental goals and individual goals (Gasper, 2006). Analyse the key financial issues at Cumnor Ice Cream Ltd and recommend the financial actions the business should take With rent, salaries and operational expenses under control, the company has less to worry about short term expenditure. However, its continued negative cash flows owing to the seasonal impact on sales have reduced its financial strength. Financial strength can only be revived via bringing in personal capital into the company to invest in marketing activities to boost sales and attain high revenues that could improve the cash flows and allow more retained earnings to be generated (Arnold, 2002). Provide a conclusion highlighting the overall priorities of the business and recommend the key actions that need to be taken in the immediate future The focus of the company has been towards operational efficiency as well as making ends meet. The company is leading towards an unsustainable future because of this very approach. The lack of advertising and promotional activities has forced the end-consumers to perceive it as a non-premium brand and because of which they are not willing to pay more for it. Seasonality is another major concern that produces negative impacts upon operational and financial performance of the company. Marketing initiatives such as product innovations, positioning, segmentation and promotions are required to control the impact on the seasonality in sales. Buy custom Cumnor Ice Cream Ltd essay

Business Management - UK based Vodafone group Essay

Business Management - UK based Vodafone group - Essay Example In this essay, I have attempted to examine the Japanese cellular market and have tried to analyze Vodafone's performance in that market. Japan is the most competitive and developed market for cellular accessories and services. According to the '2006 Telecom, Mobile and Broadband market overview', Asia has been ranked as the largest regional internet market.(www.researchandmarkets.com).It is noteworthy that among the Asian nations, Japan is the regional as well as the global telecommunications leader. Empirical evidence asserts that internet penetration in the nation is high and it boasts of one of the most sophisticated broadband infrastructures in the world. Furthermore, it has been established that the mobile device is the most common and preferred medium for internet access.DoCoMo, the Japanese cellular giant is at the cutting edge and far ahead of America in offering total interoperability inside Japan. Another feature of this market is that the mobile content industry is very promising. Mobile phone content includes ringtones, standby displays, movies, games,weather reports and news. In the global scenario, Japa n occupies a strategic position in the mobile content market, even though Europe is a developed market by all standards. The telecom landscape in Japan is dominated by NTT's DoCoMo and KDDI.Other operators include Vodafone and Tu-Ka.Some companies are working towards entering the 3G market, this is likely to intensify competiton.According to Japan's Telecommunications Carriers Association, the number of mobile phone subscribers reached 100.22 million as of 31st January 2007.(www.itfacts.biz).Therefore, Japan is at the forefront of the development of a ubiquitous network society. Besides this, the opportunities for 3G services are abundant. The key providers for this service are KDDI with 19.8 million 3G subscribers trailed by DoCoMo with a 17.6 million-subscriber base. Vodafone claimed 4.8% of the 3G market as of 2005 end. Vodafone's strategic management performance: Business week online (March 2006) had reported, 'Vodafone may beat a hasty retreat from Japan. Five disappointing years after plunging into the Japanese market with a $13.8 billion acquisition of mobile operator J-phone, Vodafone is in takeover talks with Softbank, the Tokyo based internet, broadband and telecom service provider.' The article further points out that, 'over the last few years the British giant has been losing ground. Its market share hovers around 16.7%.Vodafone's troubles in Japan were mostly self-inflicted. It had slashed the budget for network upgrades, delayed the rollout of 3G handsets and tried to make do with global handsets of other markets rather than customizing its lineup for the finicky tech savvy Japanese consumers' Therefore the biggest cellular corporation in the world was struggling in the Japanese market. Following is an examination of some of the managerial policies, which could have hindered its success in Japan. Underperformance of the company could also be because of cultural conflicts. David Jones, CEO of the company tried to introduce the European working standards. Clashes between members affected the company's

Help My Addiction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Help My Addiction - Essay Example Nonetheless, there is highly individualized treatment and the rehabilitation is intensive, while an on-going treatment for addicts by addiction psychiatrist runs for five days a week. Treatment approaches are diverse, depending on the client’s situation. These include group therapies, dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), and Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), as well as the acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT). Other therapies for body and mind rehabilitation include yoga, music therapies, mindfulness, health education, and fitness programs, among others, After treatment, the overall addiction plan concludes with a follow-up, which may involve consultations with referring providers, a detailed aftercare planning, and family education and support. I chose this center because I believe it is the best center for addicts. The services and handling of patients is done in a classy way. In addition, the treatment is trusted as skilled health professionals perform it. The many testimonies of former drug addicts from McLean Hospital can attest to this. Nonetheless, apart from offering addiction rehabilitation, this center offers many more interventions that are psychological. Moreover, the U.S. News and World Report ranked this hospital first among all the freestanding psychiatric

Principles of Database Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Principles of Database Design - Essay Example At the same time, it retains value system integrity and competitive advantage. The plan is a framework for continual operations under adverse circumstances such as crime or disaster. A disaster recovery plan is a document created to protect a business IT infrastructure in case of a disaster. It comprehensively specifies the actions a business should take before, during and after the disaster Disaster recovery plans take place as a compartment of defining the steps undertaken in business continuity planning. The physical and logical units in an IT environment that necessitate the application of business continuity procedures include internal and external disk storage, microcode and firmware, disk partitions and networking design. The database design principles employed in disaster recovery entail: creating baseline specifications for primary systems e.g. PBX system and secondary systems like call centre or voicemail, determining how and if the system would interfere with the existing systems, establishing who will be using the system and whether network assets are necessary, determining database security, change control requirements (Blokdija et al, 2008). A database-oriented product can be designed depending on the business continuity or disaster recovery activity to be performed- single location or system, maintenance, risk assessment and incident response plans.  E-commerce is accelerating the necessity of shorter recovery points and times and greater concentration on dedicated recovery solutions. Business enterprises are more systematized for business continuity planning as a result of greater risks. Many emerging technologies are designed to increase business continuity elasticity, reduce recovery times and reduce expenses. Manufacturers are introducing emergency backup programs into the market to facilitate an increase in CPU capacity during emergency conditions. The increases are stable and paid for per consumption.

What Are The Prospects Of Underwater Building Environmental Sciences Essay

What Are The Prospects Of Underwater Building Environmental Sciences Essay Population in Egypt increased in the last 10 years and reached 80 million with average annual growth 2.04%. Traffic congestion is the largest problem that Egypt faces, and it has a great effect on air quality, travelling time, business, and cost. The government always tries to solve the congestion by building new bridges, flyovers and subways, but unfortunately it fails due to the increase of population. In this report there is a study on building with a new technology which is building underwater. Although underwater buildings exist since 1960 but no one have heard about it. Building underwater will be advantageous to the environment if people succeed in achieving it. Everything can be built underwater like Houses, hotels, spa, restaurants à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ etc. to let people have a good life or vacation. The glamour view underwater of fishes, coral reefs and different creatures encourages people to build and live there. This report will discuss the possibility and the advantages of underwater buildings. The first section will define what underwater buildings are, and show the advantages and acceptance of them. The second will discuss the effect of underwater buildings on the environment. The third one will discuss the effect of underwater buildings on social life and the means of transportation. The fourth will discuss the materials used, ways of building and special requirements. The fifth will introduce the problems which face the underwater buildings. The sixth will show the ventilation systems that are used. The seventh, will be examples of existing and upcoming underwater buildings that make the reader able to visualize the idea well, and able to connect all the parts of report together. Finally, the conclusion will support and recommend building and living underwater to decrease congestion and pollution on the surface of the earth. What are underwater buildings? According to Dr. Khaled Abdelhady (Professor in architecture engineering, Shoubra University), underwater buildings are structures built underwater for different purposes each according to the type of building constructed (personal communication, 2010). It all started in the 1960s by Jacques Cousteaus team in the form of underwater research stations (underwater habitat, 2006). Underwater buildings already exist, but have you ever thought about going to an underwater building? Underwater building is the future foundation that has a great impact on the environment, we will be facing some problems while applying this technology but if we succeed in achieving it, it will be advantageous to our environment as it gets populated. It is true what was written in the Evolo magazine: Approximately 71% of the Earths surface is ocean, even more if climate change has its way; hence it is only natural progression that we will populate the seas someday. (Water-Scraper: Underwater Architecture, 2010). 1.1 Background on underwater building types When Dr. Khaled Abdelhady was asked about the types of underwater buildings he talked about the following types: 1.1.1 Infra Structures He said that infra structures are footings of buildings made under the water to let the building itself above the water, for example the bridges connecting cities like the golden gate bridge shown in figure 1.1 when you can see the base of bridge placed under the water (personal communication,2010). DSI_Seismic_Retrofit_Golden_Gate_Bridge.jpg Figure 1.1: Golden gate bridge (source: www.google.com) 1.1.2 Research centers Second, Dr. Khaled talked about the research centers underwater. He said that there are two types of centers, first is an underwater livings research center which examine and observe creatures underwater, and second there are scientific centers which search for petroleum in the bottom of seas and oceans (personal communication, 2010) 1.1.3 Tunnels As for underwater tunnels Dr. Khaled Said they are passage ways constructed underwater. There is a type made for internet main cables to be divided all over the world, telephone lines, and others. Other type is made for cars to go through underwater channels but for short distance rivers or water passages like tunnel Ahmed Hamdi at the Suez Canal in Egypt (personal communication, 2010). 1.1.4 Museums As for museums underwater, Dr. Khaled said there are 2 types, first one are museums made to see the underwater livings without having to go through the dangers of diving and for very old adults to be able to see them too, second there are museums made to see the old sunken monuments, why underwater? So that you can see them they exact way they were found in a beautiful creative way. And it has already been constructed like in Vasa Museum in Stockholm (personal communication, 2010). 1.1.5 Hotels restaurants and entertainments Another type that Dr. Khaled Abdelhady talked about was the entertainment types of buildings. There are hotels, spas, and restaurants built underwater so that people could have a nice a vacation, a massage or a meal while watching the fishes and creatures underwater. There are also games made underwater like in Disney land roller coaster as shown in figure 1.2 when you can see people getting into the water while on the roller coaster (personal communication, 2010).manta.jpg Figure 1.2: Disney land roller coaster (Source: www.google.com) 1.2 Advantage and acceptance of underwater buildings Underwater buildings have a lot of advantages to people in Egypt. It will lower the crowded places above land. It will increase the technology usage to be able to build it. It will help improve tourism as people will come from all over the world for entertainment under the red sea, and enjoyment of the astonishing numerous kinds of fishes and corals, and in same time conserve the corals from being touched and hurt by people diving. After asking a large number of people if they would accept going to an underwater city for entertainment, vacation or tourism, it was surprising that most people accepted the idea. This means that if the idea actually gets accomplished, it will be widely spread between people so quickly and it will be successful in Egypt. And as you can see in figure 1.3 the number of people accepting is about triple the number of people refusing. Figure 1.3: Chart shows the number of the acceptance and refusing people 3. Social aspects Overcrowding is considered the worlds problem, which is growing constantly and leads to many other problems. This serious dilemma prompted people to think about the colonization of the oceans, which led them to think about the underwater buildings. As we know, water covers 70% of the earths surface, while land areas form a very small percentage. Taking a look at the earth from outer space, we will find that the blue color dominates, and this will raise a lot of questions about how to exploit these areas. From this point, people begin to study the possibility of building underwater and make use of such great surfaces. Lets find out if people will welcome the idea of living underwater in the future, or it will be a useless project. Due to high cost, these underwater buildings will be limited to a certain level of people, and may be considered as a kind of prosperity. However, if we take into account that the technology advances, so there will be a way to reduce the cost. But if complete cities were built underwater, would people accept such change in their life. Some people cannot live without the sun and do not imagine themselves in a place somewhat isolated. Others want really to try this new life, and enjoy the calmness and the glorious vision. In conclusion, living underwater may become a reality if its benefits overcome its difficulties and problems. 3.1 Means of transportation After searching for the possible means of transportation to live under water, it was found that there are two possibilities. First, as many people will think, submarines would serve as the main mean of transportation. For example, thinking about its cost and applicability, we will find that it is the suitable one. Lets move to the other possibility, at a larger scale, and talk about underwater tunnels. There are some existing underwater tunnels, which would be very effective to attain a certain underwater building or complete city in the future. For example, in Dubai, Hydropolis is an underwater hotel, but it is still under construction. As it is described in figure 3.1, the developers of this project explains: It will include three elements: the land station, where guests will be welcomed, the connecting tunnel, which will transport people by train to the main area of the hotel, and the 220 suites within the submarine leisure complex.(Joachim Hauser, N.D.). C:UserspcDesktopHydropolis dubai.jpg Figure 3.1: The land station of Hydropolis (Source: Design build, ND.) 4. Construction and structure aspects 4.1 The material used   Although many materials exist for building, the one that meet the requirements with the lowest costs are to be chosen. At this level the cost will be minimized. . When choosing the materials to be used in the construction, it is important to ensure that the weight limit is not exceeded. (Carl T.F. Ross Mark El-Hajj ) The main material used for construction underwater was a special type of steel and acrylic. The acrylic material is used mainly for visibility, while the steel is used for reinforcements (supports). (Carl T.F. Ross Mark El-Hajj ) High strength steel is used as it is relatively cheap, and has its high yield strength. It is not also a good conductor of electricity and heat. It is a high corrosion resistance. (Carl T.F. Ross Mark El-Hajj )   Acrylic material is used instead of glass; It is better than glass due to being less dense, and it is also has higher impact strength than the glass. Acrylic gives the natural size and colors of the surrounding materials than glass. It is also good insulator of electricity which is good in seeking the health and safety of customers and underwater creatures. (Carl T.F. Ross Mark El-Hajj ) 4.2 Construction It is known that the wages for underwater construction would be greater than on land construction, due to the difficulty faced during the working underwater. Another problem would arise; the building is large in size. For solving these problems, they divide the building into parts and building each part on land then assemble them under the water. (Carl T.F. Ross Mark El-Hajj, ..) 4.3 Maintenance The maintenance process is a costly process especially when dealing with an underwater maintenance. The below figure shows us how this problem can be solved, by dividing the building into parts that can be separated from the whole building; these parts can be transferred to land so that a cheaper maintenance can take place. (Carl T.F. Ross Mark El-Hajj ) Figure 4.1: The maintenance process (Source: Carl T.F. Ross Mark El-Hajj) The transparent part of the building should be always clean, so that the customers can see the marine clearly in all the time. This situation can be achieved by an automated system which uses a self cleaning coating known as the smart material. (Carl T.F. Ross Mark El-Hajj ) 5 Problem which face underwater building 5.1 Cost Building under water is a very expensive process due to the machines, instruments and skilled workers. Building under water also contains some of welfare as figures (5.1, 5.2) illustrate and it needs to huge budget.Poseidon Figure 5.1: Example of under waters welfare (Source: blog.hotelclub.com/top-five-underwater-hotels/) Dreams, however fabulous, remain unfulfilled without the cash to support the commitment; the hardest part of the process was finding sponsorship to the tune of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬550m.Thats what brought me to Dubai. Still, it was a battle which took two-and-a-half years and proved tougher than developing the project itself. No bank would pay such an amount. Its a risky investment, as there are no pilots. We had to convince investors that it is safe and will bring returns on investment. (Hauser, ND), so companies accept to co-operate with its rival to complete under water building project. 5.2 The problem of Erosion Erosion  is the process of  weathering  and transport of solids (sediment,  soil,  rock  and other particles) in the natural environment or their source and deposits them elsewhere. It usually occurs due to  transport  by wind, water, or ice so engineers should choose the appropriate materials for under water building. 5.3 The location of petroleum Figure 5.2 shows that any accident may happen in the sea to the drilling machines and machinery for searching for oil or to any ship in the sea may harm the design of the building and it is out of control.C:UsersHPDesktoppaste.jpg Figure 5.2: The accident of the drilling machine (Source: http://Oc-Po/Petroleum-from-the Ocean.htmlhttp://www.waterencyclopedia.com http://www.waterencyclopedia.com http://www.waterencyclopedia.comunderwater-hotels/) 5.4 The problem of heat of water The temperature of the water is highly variable over the surface of the water, it is heated from the surface downward by sunlight, but at depth most of the water is very cold. (Martha R.  Scott, ND) 5.5 The problem of pressure Pressure plays a big role in influencing the foundations of the building also workers face difficulties either during the construction process or during the maintenance process. 6. Environmental building aspects No doubt that the first thing that comes in our mind while talking about underwater buildings is the problem of ventilation. Ventilation is defined as a: process of supplying fresh air to an enclosed space and removing from it air contaminated by odors, gases, or smoke . Therefore, there must be a source of renewable air that helps in breathing, and getting rid of undesirable gases, like carbon dioxide and others. Lets explore a solution, for the ventilation problem, that was applied while building Holland tunnel, an underwater tunnel. Tunnels, specifically, have a great problem with ventilation, due to gases produced by trains and automobiles. This problem was addressed by Clifford Holland, the tunnels designer. His aim was to find ways to clear exhaust fumes and pump in fresh air, achieving this by using ventilation towers, like the one illustrated in figure 5.1, and fans to move air in and out. Finally, air can be renewed every 90 seconds. (Howstuffworks, ND.) Figure 6.1: Inside a Holland Tunnel ventilation tower (Source: Eric and Edith Matson, ND.) The ventilation systems that can be applied while building, can be divided into two methods: natural ventilation and mechanical ventilation. Natural ventilation depends on an open window if the architecture permits, so it cannot be used in underwater buildings. Therefore, mechanical ventilation is applied to ventilate these buildings. The most important thing is the way to get oxygen needed for breathing. Breathing under water could happen in several ways; such as hydrolyzing the sea water, reversing osmosis, or suctioning methods through air pumps. (Chamberland, ND.). Oxygen can be extracted from seawater since people will live underwater, and it will be a practical method. Reverse osmosis is an effective method used in water treatment; and in the future it will be used to get oxygen, while living underwater. Suctioning oxygen, using air pumps, would help in both getting oxygen and providing good ventilation. 7. Examples 7.1 Dubai Underwater Hotel It is still under development. The hotel location will be 33 feet underwater. Its total cost is over $550 million. The land station will be connected with the underwater section with a 515 meter long tunnel through which an automatic train will transport people to the underwater hotel. It is 260 hectares area consisted of 220 suits bubble shaped 20 meters underwater. The hotel will also have several security measures. It has a series of watertight doors in case of any rapture. It will also have its own missile defensive system in case of any terrorist attack. 7.2 UNDERSEA RESORTS- Poseidon Mystery Island The idea was for the American engineer Bruce Jones. The Poseidon Resorts Mystery Island shown in figure 7.1 could be reached by elevator. It is a 1.1 million square foot , 40 feet under water. Room standard area is 550 square foot. (wayfaring,2007) . The budget of the project is $100 million. http://www.wayfaring.info/images/poseidon_mystery_island_5.jpg Figure 7.1: Poseidon Mystery Island (Source: www.wayfaring.info) 7.3 Ithaa underwater restaurant It is the 1st of its kind in the world. It is 16 feet below the surface of Indian Ocean. It is encased in clear acrylic. The ithaa restaurant can be reached by a wooden walkway shown in figure 6.2 from over the water. It was hard to build it on the beach of rangali due to technical challenge, limited resources and quality problems. (Wikipedia, 2010). It was constructed in Singapore. Its construction began in May 2004, and it was completed in October 2004 including installation of the acrylic arches, air conditioning and electric ducts. Its life span is 20 years. http://travel.spotcoolstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/05/under3.jpg Figure 7.2: Ithaa underwater restaurant (Source: www. Wikipedia.com) 7.4 Jules Undersea Lodge It is the worlds first underwater hotel, originally built in the early 1970s. It was opened to the public in 1986. (hotelclub,2007).The entrance to the hotel is 21 feet underwater on the sea floor. The Lodge is fully stocked with compressed air.

Capital Punishment Essays -- essays research papers fc

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Capital Punishment He is escorted down to a room with handcuffs on both arms and feet. The tension in the room causes nervousness and a stirring in his stomach, which entombs his dinner from the night before. He is told to take a seat. Still in doubt of his fate he notices the witnesses and their various expressions. His family is grief-stricken, a sharp contrast to the family of the brutally murdered, for which he was found guilty of. If only they knew what he knew; for they would not be strapping him into the chair, soaking a sponge, and placing it on top of his head along with the metal skullcap. If they knew the truth there would be someone in his place today. But alas, the truth dies along with the innocent. Capital Punishment, as read in the scene above, has importance in times dating back to ancient civilizations. It’s purpose is to permanently disband those unfit to live with society. Even knowing its prominent background, in modern times there is doubt whether or not it is still necessary. Today, in the twenty-first century, there are currently 38 states with the death penalty. The other twelve have life with out parole as the maximum sentence. In the practicing states there were 66 executions carried out in 2001, 85 in 2000, and 98 in 1999. If this trend continues there will be even fewer this year. The states leading execution are Texas and Oklahoma, as of 2001. Texas carried out nearly 26% of the 66 executions and Oklahoma leads with 28%. By region; the South carries out 79% of the U.S. executions, with the Midwest at 15%, the West at 6% and the Northeast at 0%. (Death Penalty Info†¦.) The reasons why someone may be sentenced with capital punishment vary from state to state. The most common factors include first-degree murder and aggravated kidnapping. According to the poet Hyman Barshay, â€Å"The death penalty is a warning, just like a lighthouse throwing its beams out to sea. We hear about shipwrecks, but we do not hear about the ships the lighthouse guides safely on their way. We do not have proof of the number of ships it saves, but we do not tear the lighthouse down.† Barshay and other pro death penalty supporters believe that the death penalty deters would be killers. A person would be less likely to do something if he or she thinks that harm will come to them. This is basic human... ... Due to the fact that it costs more to support life with out parole, the money saved from capital punishment can be used to help society in a better way. Both sides have their point in this argument. Although many oppose capital punishment, in most states it is still active whether they believe in it or not, and are still punishable by it. It’s the choice of society to take a stance and show their opinion. Bibliography Death Penalty Information Center 29 April 2002 Press release, Death Penalty Information Center, Oct. 27, 1992 Denno, Deborah W., Is Electrocution an Unconstitutional Method of Execution? The Engineering of Death over the Century, 35 WILLIAM & MARY L. REV. 551, 664-665 (1994). Karwath, Rob & Susan Kuczka, Gacy Execution Delay Blamed on Clogged IV Tube, CHICAGO TRIB., May 11, 1994, at 1 (Metro Lake Section). Kwok, Abraham, Injection: The No-Fuss Executioner, ARIZONA REPUBLIC, Feb. 28, 1993, at 1. Pro Death Penalty 29 April 2002

Confedrates in the attic

Tony Horwitz in the book, â€Å"Confederates in the Attic: Dispatches of an Unfinished Civil War† travels throughout the south following the path of the Civil War he meets many people interesting and different people and visits the cities and towns along the path of the Civil War there are many themes throughout the book, but the two I found most important were Reality, and The Life of a Solider. The reason I choose these as my most important topics are because I feel it is necessary to understand the reality of the Civil War and to do that understanding the life of a solider is necessary.During Horwitz' travels one of the first things he learns is that the reenactments are not as easy and fun as he had expected, however there are people who have the same love as Horwitz but do not take Reenactment's as seriously, â€Å"We try to be authentic, but no one wants to eat rancid bacon and lie in the mud all night. This is a hobby, not a religion† (Horwitz 130). The life of a soldier in the 1860's was difficult and for the thousands of young Americans who left home it was an experience none of them would ever forget.The average reinactor was male thirty-four, and did this for fun, so magine how harsh it was for an eighteen year-old drafted solider to leave home and eat rancid bacon and lie in the mud all night. â€Å"Soldiers would carry their cards, dice, writing utensils, letters, and other necessary goods for passing time in their haversacks. Soldier often had to carry these supplies as well as several other things that they needed with them at all times. The types and amounts of supplies available to these soldiers depended on the resources of their armies. â€Å"( Capman and Jankoviak 9).Here the textbooks goal is to make students aware of what the reality of a solider as carrying the personal with them twenty-four/seven. Racial Tensions in the civil war Throughout the Civil War racial tensions grew exponentially, this was not a very good thing f or African American soldiers either fighting with the north or being forced to fght with the south. Getting a Haircut in the army â€Å"The Union and Confederate armies were haphazardly raised, badly organized, poorly trained, inadequately fed, clothed and housed, and almost wholly without comforts, sports, entertainments or proper medical care†(Commerger 1).Im one of ommerger's articles he writes about getting a haircut during the Civil War something that seams so normal to any of us but at camp Cameron there was only one person who knew how to cut hair, one time a man came running through the camp screaming,† The Yankees are coming! † and right there in the middel of his haircut they picked up their weapons and marched into War. How The Civil War Soldiers Marched No hardships were harder than the marching The roads were dusty in the summerand muddy in the winter; the soldiers were dressed in heavy wool, loaded own with fifty or sixty pounds of equipment, often w ithout food for most of the day.It is no wonder that straggling was almost universal, or that thousands of men fell out of line and got lost. It is difficult to know whether the Confederate or the Federal soldiers suffered most from marching. More Confederates than Federals were country bred, and theretore more accustomed to cross-country hiking; on the other hand the Confederacy was low on shoes, and there are any number of stories of Southern soldiers marching barefoot, even in the winter months.

Pollution in Our seas essays

Pollution in Our seas essays Since the beginning of time, human beings have taken advantage of the oceans by using them as a dumping ground. Soda bottles, food wastes, plastic pellets, old tires, fishing equipment, and many other types of debris are dumped into the oceans. This senseless act is killing innocent sea animals at an alarming rate. In addition to harmless marine creatures dying off, our drinking water has become greatly affected as is our ability to use water for recreational purposes. In order to combat water pollution, we must understand the problems, how it affects the ocean, and become part of the solution. Water pollution is any chemical, physical or biological change in the quality of water that has a harmful effect on any living thing that drinks, uses or lives in it (Water...). There are several categories of water pollutants. The most damaging and most numerous of all are plastics. The problem occurs when we no longer need these items and we dispose of them especially the throwaway material used in wrapping or packaging. Plastic does not promptly break down in nature. Which means, the plastics that are tossed in the ocean today may still be around hundreds of years from now causing immense harm. It requires high ultra-violent lights in order for it to decay. One survey in the North Pacific found that 86% of the floating trash was plastics (Threatened... 40). However, the amount of plastic wastes found in our oceans is steadily increases. This plastic can affect marine life in two significant ways: by entangling creatures, and by fooling the predator into thinking that it is food. For example, a plastic bag looks like a jellyfish to a sea turtle. However, if consumed by the sea turtle, it could choke or it could cause a serious infection interna lly. Below is a picture illustrating what a six-pack ring (used to hold beverages) thrown into the ocean can do: In 1992, a group in North Caroli...

Interracial Adoption and Diverse Family Units †African American Studies

Interracial Adoption and Diverse Family Units – African American Studies Free Online Research Papers Interracial Adoption and Diverse Family Units African American Studies Adoption laws differ from state to state and even from country to country but one thing that remains is the benefits, happiness and joy it brings to families and children. The practice of adoption dates back at least as far as the 18th century BC, but it wasn’t always a good experience as children were sold into black market. It wasn’t until Hammurabi, who took the corruption out of the process, wrote the first legal reference about adoption. After WWII, organizations attempted to place children within families of other ethnicities and designed programs such as â€Å"Operation Brown Baby†. During the civil rights movement, interracial adoption began to radically multiply. The family experience is more important than growing up in a same-race environment; orphaned children are better off received care and love from a family unit, regardless of skin color. Throughout the decades, prejudice and racism has plagued this country by encompassing the minds of the each generation’s youth. Not until recently has people’s ideologies truly changed to begin accepting other cultures and the notion of interracial families. The Howard M. Metzenbaum Multiethnic Placement Act was instituted in 1994 which â€Å"prohibits an agency that receives Federal assistance and is involved in foster care and adoptive placements from delaying or denying the placement of a child based on race, color, or national origin of the child or adoptive foster parent or the child involved†(Wikipedia). In order to remove ambiguous language and any latent discrimination, this act was revised. The Interethnic Adoption Provisions, â€Å"forbid agencies from delaying or denying the placement of a child solely on the basis of race and national origin† (Wikipedia). There are many pros and cons of adopting interracially, however this development provides more benefits than harm. Although it may be challenging for a child to learn their culture with a family who does not share the same background, many believe that these children are still able to grow up as healthy individuals. Same race adoption is falsely considered to make most sense, and to inflict the least disruption in a child’s life. However, by practicing only race-matching adoption, minority children are left in the system to wait; most never getting adopted. â€Å"Minority children made up 60% of those in foster care nationwide in 1994 and waited twice as long for permanent homes as did other foster children (www.gao.gov).† The longer children are in the foster care system, the less chance they have of leaving. When they age out of foster care, â€Å"27% of males and 10% of females were incarcerated within twelve to eighteen months. 50% of these children were unemp loyed and 37% had not finished high school†. (Adoption.com). The statistics show that it is crucial to provide these children with support and encouragement as they grow older and it would be a crime to deny them this merely because of skin their color. Even if such issues such as culture and identity arise, the family can contribute to helping the child learn about it. Tips for raising a child of a different background include: Become intensely invested in parenting; Tolerate no racially or ethnically biased remarks; Surround yourselves with supportive family and friends; Celebrate all cultures; Talk about race and culture; Expose your child to a variety of experiences so that he or she develops physical and intellectual skills that build self-esteem; and take your child to places where most of the people present are from his or her race or ethnic group (Adoption.com). You should not allow your children to practice racially biased comments or others in your family network. By showing that it is unacceptable you are setting a boundary for your children. If you have a Hispanic child, take them to the Hispanic fair in your town. If you have a black child, buy her a black doll. Show that all cultures are unique, special, and should be celebrated and appreciated. Through discussion of other races and cultures, the child’s background will be rich in culture and diversity. Just by using some of these ideas, you can make having an interracial child a rewarding experience. There are an abundance of horrifying stories in which children are neglected and abused in the foster care system and even in their own homes with their biological families. Two-year old Brianna Blackmond was shuffled back and forth between foster care and her neglectful biological mother. On December 22, 1999, the judge handling Briannas custody case ordered the District of Columbia Child and Family Services to return her to her mothers home. There Brianna lived with her mother, her godmother, and twelve other children in a rat-infested, feces-stained home where the children went without food for days at a time. Two weeks later, Brianna died. Her godmother had beaten her with a belt and struck fatal blows to her head. (Swize) Placing a child in a home based on the biological and or ethnic similarities just reflects a self serving interest. It reflects society’s agenda to control the fate of economically disadvantaged children. Brianna’s fate is shared with many others who have suffered as the result of a system that cares more about the color of their skin then their quality of life. Regardless of the ethnic similarities a child and parent have in common, this does not mean they are more capable of providing a nurturing environment than a person of a different ethnicity. How can anyone place cultural awareness over a child’s physical well being? The fact that Child and Family Services placed Brianna back into the custody of a parent who had a history of being unable to provide for her is a disgrace. The very agency that is supposed to ensure the safety of millions of children in the system issues death warrants every time they carelessly return or place a child into unsuitable c onditions. The first time Brianna was removed from her biological mother’s home she was placed in a foster home with parents that were not black. The judge in her case openly stated that â€Å"the destruction of the black family (through trans-racial adoption) was driving her crazy†. This statement reflects the misguided focus and perception of those responsible for the placement of these children. It is obvious that they were anxious to take return her to an â€Å"unfit† mother for the sake of saving the â€Å"black family†. Situations like Brianna’s reveal the contradictions in the debate over trans-racial adoption. Kids are discarded to be victims of the system. The reality is there are not enough black families to meet the staggering numbers of foster children who need parents. Why would one deny them access to a better life based on the color of their skin? The standard that determines a child’s fate should be based on the love and support a family is able to provide not the superficial image of what a family should look like. ` People misconstrue the notion of interracial adoption as trying to obtain a color-blind society and erase the effects of past discrimination which society views as impossible. But this is truly not the case at all. The emotional and physical effects of growing up in the foster care system are far more traumatic than being raised in a trans-racial yet supportive family. Interracial adoption is not aiming at solving societal issues of prejudice but rather to benefit the quality of life of our children. This type environment encourages constructive exposure and identity to one’s race. Parents who have adopted children of another race may embrace their child’s culture and background by choosing to live in a more racially diverse neighborhood to ensure that their child is regularly exposed to families of the same race. As with any life experience, obstacles will be encountered when adopting a child of a different background but there are ways that you may overcome these. With the amount of minority children in foster care, and the people who have the means of adopting, we should not place a limit. Statistics show that interracial adoption is becoming more common place and it is worse to leave these children in the foster care system rather than placing them in an adoptive home regardless of race. There are ways to integrate an interracial family together and to ensure that the child will not lose their racial identity. An attempt to incorporate a color-blind society in today’s world is not what interracial adoption is trying to accomplish. The only concern is for the welfare of the flood of children in the foster care system and not to solve deep rooted societal issues. It is imperative to keep an open mind on this topic in order to facilitate the excessive and unnecessary amounts of ch ildren in foster care. The importance lies with providing these children with stable, healthy homes so they will be given a fair opportunity to live a mindfully healthy and happy life. 1. adoption.com. Introduction to Transracial or Transcultural Adoption. 1995. 13 Oct 2006 . 2. Answers.com. Interracial Adoption. 2006. 13 Oct 2006 . 3. Horne, Charles. The Code of Hammurabi. Ancient History Source Book 1910 12, October 2006 . 4. Implementation of the Multiethnic Placement Act Poses Difficult Challenges. United States General Accounting Office GAO/HEHS-98-20409/2006 16, October 2006 . 5. Interracial Adoption. Wikipedia. 2006. 11 Oct 2006 . 6. Swize, Jennifer. Transracial Adoption and the Unblinkable Difference:. Virginia Law Review (2002): 1079 1118. 7. The Adoption History Project. African-American Adoptions. 2005. 16 Oct 2006 . Research Papers on Interracial Adoption and Diverse Family Units - African American Studies19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationHip-Hop is ArtThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseWhere Wild and West MeetOpen Architechture a white paper

Rewright this paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Rewright this paper - Essay Example Creative communities are groups of people that have dedicated themselves to discovering how to introduce new ways of eating, building and communicating to the general society. These communities are designed to discover new models of sustainable living through the creativity of the community members. All creative communities share some characteristics. The members of a creative community try to take care of their needs for things like education and health care within the community. They try to provide for the needs of humanity at the local level and in a way that is safe for future generations. They think locally with the idea of setting an example of proper living for the nation. Some people say that creative communities isolate themselves from the rest of society. They say that this keeps them from influencing anything. This is not true, because member of creative communities participate in institutions of the larger society. This is how they share their ideas and experiences. For a very long time the term designer has had a specific definition. A designer was viewed as a person that made a plan and then other people were to follow the plan. Manzini challenges this view by saying a designer is anyone that acts in for change in society. Therefore, people who wear the title of designer as well as members of creative communities or regular citizens can be viewed as designers. Traditional vies of design are still valid. Designers can operate within their areas of expertise. This way they can imagine and create those things that do not exist yet. What needs to change is the isolation of the designer. Design needs to be seen as a social learning process. In this view, the designer is more of a facilitator than a boss. The designer works with the community enacting change instead of directing the change. The designer needs to use the skills they possess to facilitate the changes. This change makes the designer’s job more complex. Instead of

Resources regarding English 1 writing Annotated Bibliography

Resources regarding English 1 writing - Annotated Bibliography Example The types of writing included on this page are cause/effect essay, comparison/contrast essay, definition essay, description essay, narration essay, persuasive essay and process analysis essay. Each page gives three to four points that should be included in this type of essay. It is a handy reference when I’m trying to figure out what to write. This site has a lot of the same information as the â€Å"Types of Writing† site, but adds to it. It discusses the types of writing in a lot more detail, so it would be helpful to come here after I have decided on the type of writing from the other site. After getting an idea of the type of paper I’m going to write, this site would fill in the details of what is expected and gives extra help on how to write an essay and many other forms of writing. This site gives very practical help on how to write a good essay for university. The author is the wife of a teacher and has a long history of editing and helping students. She points out some of the common mistakes students make and will be helpful to make my essays better. This site walks visitors through the writing process. It helps you get your ideas together, organize them neatly and put them together in an academic way. It is helpful because it gives you choices based on different answers to questions like when the topic is assigned or when no topic is assigned. This site talks about the various styles that people can write in such as a conversational style or a poetic style. It is helpful because you don’t always think about styles like this and it helps to use the right style for the kind of writing you are doing. This site gives a lot of writing help like some of the other sites I’ve found, but I think it will be most helpful for helping me find out how to do better research. It provides some resources to go to and talks about the research process. The other sites have better information about the writing

Homeland Security Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Homeland Security - Coursework Example The paper tells that signed by George Bush, The Patriot Act aims for uniting and strengthening America by providing appropriate tool required intercepting and obstructing terrorism. The United States Northern Command or NORTHCOM is a branch of the US military that defends the US against any possible mainland invasion. This unified Combatant Command is responsible for safeguarding the US from any air, land or sea attack that could potentially come from Mexico, Canada, Alaska or Puerto Rico. The National Infrastructure Protection Plan or NIPP is plan developed by the Department of Homeland security. The plans aims to bring together critical infrastructure and key resources in the country to act as protection for the country against any potential attacks According to this plan, the public and private sector needs to form a unified front in order to minimize risk for the country. Risk Management is a systematic task of identifying, evaluating, prioritizing and minimizing risk while also taking into consideration financial and other resource constraints that an organization may face. Signals Intelligence o SIGINT, as opposed to HUMINT, is intelligence gathered through the help of technology or more specifically signals. This includes both communications intelligence and electronic intelligence. National Response Framework or NRF is a part of the strategy developed by the Department of Homeland Security to bring the country together in the case of a disaster or emergency. The framework aims to improve the country's ability to manage incidents by covering all aspects of a disaster. The Posse Comitatus Act is an Federal law act enacted by the Congress in 1878. This act prevents the US military personnel to act as law enforcement agents within the United States. In this capacity, the law limits the power of the Federal government to enforce any state law in US.

Opinion on Curriculum Essay Example for Free

Opinion on Curriculum Essay Curriculum is an important part of the education system. As such it has to be evaluated every now and then so that it remains effective in addressing the learning needs of the students in different levels. A curriculum evaluation team should represent all of the persons that are directly or indirectly affected by the curriculum. To successfully evaluate the curriculum, the team should be composed of educators, knowledgeable students, school administrators, pedagogy practitioners and psychologists. With such a team, the impact of the curriculum can be effectively evaluated. Online communication tools help a team working online in a working environment by helping the team members use the online platform while communicating with each other. Such tools can also hinder them because they cannot interact with each other face to face and they have to rely on the text and images they are manipulating on their screens. Much of the details they have to consider may be lost in the process. The goal of the curriculum and how it will be achieved is the most important factor that should be examined in the curriculum. This can set apart a good curriculum from the merely acceptable ones. Although this may be a comprehensive and tedious process, the team can analyze this if they consider the elements of the curriculum in its totality and not only in its individual components. The team can stay on track by establishing a schedule and arriving at a set of deliverables. This way, the team will know the progress that they are making and what areas they need to work on more. It would also be important for them to celebrate their accomplishments and the way they meet their targets.

Calculations Without Brake Booster Engineering Essay

Calculations Without Brake Booster Engineering Essay The purpose of this written assessment is to show that we understand how the braking system works in an automotive vehicle. We should be able to show a range of specialized technical skills which involve a wide choice of standard and non standard procedures. I will also show you a broad knowledge base with substantial depth in some areas of the braking system. Here in this assignment I will also cover the determination of appropriate methods and procedures in response to a range of concrete problems with some theoretical elements and apply it in self directed and sometimes directive activity, within broad general guidelines. By the end of this assessment I will have a wide understanding of how the braking design and braking system work within the automotive vehicle. A brake is a device for slowing or stopping the motion of a vehicle or a machine, and to make sure that it stops moving. The kinetic energy lost by the moving part is usually translated to heat by friction. Alternatively, in regenerative braking, the energy is recovered and stored in a flywheel, capacitor or other device for later use. Brakes of some description are fitted to most wheeled vehicles, including automotive vehicles of all kinds, trains, motor bikes, and normal pedal bikes. The kinetic possessed by a vehicle at any one time into heat energy are by means of friction. The equations for kinetic energy, that is the energy of motion may be given by: The disc brake is a device for slowing or stopping the rotation of a wheel on a vehicle. A braking disc or commonly known as a rotor, is usually made up of steel and other metallic compounds, is connected to the wheel or the axle. To stop the wheel, the braking pads which are normally mounted in a device called a brake caliper, which is then squeezed mechanically or hydraulically against the disc on both sides. Friction causes the disc and attached wheel to slow down and stop according to the driver. A drum brake is a brake in which the friction is caused by a set of shoes or pads that press against the inner surface of a rotating drum. The drum is connected to a rotating wheel. The modern automotive vehicle drum brake was invented in 1902 by Louis Renault. In the first drum brakes, the shoes were mechanically operated with levers and rods or cables. From the mid 1930s the shoes were operated with oil pressure in a small wheel cylinder and pistons, though some vehicles continued with purely-mechanical systems for decades. Some designs have two wheel cylinders. Experiments with disc-style brakes began in England in the 1980s the first ever automobile disc brakes were patented by Frederick William Lanchester in his factory in 1902, though it took another half century for his innovation to be widely adopted. The first designs resembling modern disc brakes began to appear in Britain in the late 1940s and early 1950s. They offered much greater stopping performance than comparable drum brakes, including much greater resistance to brake fade this is caused by the overheating of brake components, and were unaffected by immersion which is drum brakes were ineffective for some time after a water crossing, an important factor in off-road vehicles. Disc brakes are also more reliable than drum brakes due to the simplicity of their mechanics, the low number of parts compared to the drum brake, and ease of adjustment. Disc brakes were most popular on sports car when they were first introduced, since these vehicles are more demanding about brake performance. Many early implementations located the brake disc inboard, near the differential, but most discs today are located inside the wheels. An inboard location reduces the un-sprung weight and eliminates a source of heat transfer to the tires, important in formula one racing. Discs have now become standard in most passenger vehicles, though some retain the use of drum brakes on the rear wheels to keep costs and weight down as well as to simplify the provisions for a parking brake or emergency brake. As the front brakes perform most of the braking effort, this can be a reasonable compromise. Mechanism A single piston, floating caliper system. Pressurized brake fluid travels along the brake line to the caliper. The pressurized fluid pushes the piston (green) and inner brake pad against the disc which is normally blue. Pressure against the disc pushes the caliper away from the piston, pulling the outer brake pad against the disc. As the brake pads clamp together, friction slows the rotation of the disc and wheel. Brake Pads The world of Automotive Brakes can be quite overwhelming. The first task in choosing Automobile Brakes is making sure that you have the Automotive Brakes and parts that are application specific to your vehicle whether it be a car, truck, van or whether the Automotive Brakes are to be installed on a two year old sedan or a rare classic. There is more to Automotive Brakes than parts that fit. Automotive Brakes also have to be right for the vehicles actual use. For example, Automotive Brakes required for off road or stop and go city delivery driving can be quite different than Automotive Brakes that are suited for ordinary family driving, even though all these brakes fit the job. Its a matter of finding the right Automotive Brakes for your application. Brake Pads Brake Booster Unless youre a professional athlete with tree trunks for legs, be grateful that your car has a brake booster nestled between the brake master cylinder and firewall on your car. Your brake booster doesnt make any noise, and it doesnt use any electricity or gasoline, but it ensures that you can stop your car with only a light touch of the brake pedal. Things werent always like that, Before the invention of the vacuum brake booster, cars still stopped. Its just that you had to really stomp on the brake pedal. The modern brake booster is an good device that operates using something that your engine generates whenever its running, Vacuum. The brake booster takes engine vacuum via a rubber hose that runs from the intake manifold, and the brake booster uses that vacuum to amplify the pressure you put on the pedal. A light application of the brakes is translated by the brake booster into significantly more pressure on the brake master cylinder, ensuring that your car stops quickly. So what happens to the brake booster if your car stalls, resulting in a loss of engine vacuum? Early designers realized that gas engines were hardly foolproof, so they designed a little check valve into the brake booster circuit. The brake booster stores enough vacuum to provide full boost for two or three pedal applications even after the engine dies. The check valve on the brake booster is what keeps that vacuum from leaking out. And speaking of leaks, thats the reason most brake booster units have to be replaced. As your brake booster ages, the rubber seals and diaphragms that hold the vacuum tend to wear out and crack. Brake Booster Calculations without brake booster for 1 pot caliper: Data: Force applied: 80N Length of brake pedal: 340mm Pedal movement: 46mm Diameter of master cylinder: 26mm Piston spring pretension: 15N Piston spring rate: 8N/mm Wheel diameter: 0.30/ 250mm Caliper piston: 46mm Pedal ratio= Length of pedal Pivot of brake booster = 340mm 60mm = 5.666 Movement = Pedal movement Pedal ratio = 46mm 5.66 = 8.127 Drivers applied force = Applied force x pedal ratio = 80n x 5.66 = 452.8N Piston force = (Pretension force + Rate of spring x movement of piston) = 452.8N (15n + 8N/m x8.127) = 452.8N 80.016 = 372.784 N Pressure = Force Area of piston = 372.784 N 0.25TT D2 = 372.784 N 0.25TT (26 x 10 -3) 2 = or 0.70 Mpa Caliper force = Pressure x Area = 7021.35 Pa x 0.25 TT (46 x 10-3)2 =1270.55 Transmitted force = Caliper force x Co- efficient of friction x number of pads = 1270.55N x 0.35 x 2 = 8893.85 N Torque = Transmitted force x Effective Radius = 8893.85 N x 0.30 m = 266.79 N Brake Caliper The brake caliper, a key component of your cars brake system, operates just like a small hydraulic clamp designed to grip the brake rotor and bring your car to a halt. If youve ever seen or worked on a brake caliper, you know what were talking about. The brake caliper is a U-shaped device with a piston or pistons on one or both sides of the U. The brake pads ride on top of the brake caliper pistons, and the rotor spins in the channel of the U. When you hit the brakes, high-pressure fluid is channeled from the master cylinder down to the brake caliper where it pushes the piston or pistons inward. That brake caliper action moves the pads against the spinning brake rotor, and the friction stops your vehicle. Since the brake caliper is affixed to your vehicle frame and the rotor is spinning and hundreds of RPM, its easy to imagine the massive forces that the brake caliper has to absorb. Much of the heat energy is dissipated by the rotor and pads which is why theyre replaced the most, but the pulling and twisting forces the brake caliper has to endure require that it be extremely strong. More than anything else, though, its the hydraulic brake fluid that leads to the demise of a brake caliper. If its not changed often enough, moisture in the fluid will begin to rust out the inside of your brake caliper, resulting in leaks and sticking pistons. Eventually the brake caliper will cease to function altogether, it will effect your cars stopping ability. Calipers The brake caliper is the assembly which houses the brake pads and pistons. The pistons are usually made of aluminum or chrome plated iron There are two types of calipers: floating or fixed. A fixed caliper does not move relative to the disc. It uses one or more pairs of pistons to clamp from each side of the disc, and is more complex and expensive than a floating caliper. A floating caliper (also called a sliding caliper) moves with respect to the disc; a piston on one side of the disc pushes the inner brake pad till it makes contact with the braking surface, then pulls the caliper body with the outer brake pad so pressure is applied to both sides of the disc. Floating caliper (single piston) designs are subject to failure due to sticking. This can occur due to dirt or corrosion if the vehicle is not operated. This can cause the pad attached to the caliper to rub on the disk when the brake is released. This can reduce fuel mileage and cause excessive wear on the effected pad. Brake caliper In a vehicle the brake pedal in 360mm and the booster is connected 50mm from the pivot. The booster diaphragm is 220mm with the valve body of 52mm diameter the diaphragm return spring has a pretension force of 80N and rate of 12N/mm. The engine manifold pressure of 36Kpa and ambient pressure is 90Kpa. The master cylinder diameter is 26mm and return spring retention force is 15N and a rate of 8N/mm. the caster piston in 46mm and the co-efficient of friction between the 2 pads and the 250mm effective diameter disc are 0.30. The wheel diameter is 625 mm. fluids the tractive braking forces if the driver applied force of 80N and his fast moves 46mm. Data: Force applied: 80N Length of brake pedal: 340mm Pedal movement: 46mm Pivot of brake booster: 50mm Diaphragm diameter: 220mm Valve body diameter: 52mm Spring rate: 80N Pre-tension of diaphragm spring: 12N/m Ambient pressure: 90kpa Engine manifold pressure: 36kpa Diameter of master cylinder: 26mm Piston spring pretension: 15N Piston spring rate: 8N/mm Wheel diameter: 625mm Efficient Disc diameter: 0.30/ 250mm Caliper piston: 46mm Calculations with brake booster for 1 port caliper: Pedal ratio = Length of pedal__ Pivot of brake booster = 340mm_ 50mm = Movement = _Pedal movement Pedal ratio = _46mm_ 7.2 = 6.38 Diaphragm Pressure = Ambient pressure Manifold pressure = 90Kpa 36Kpa = 54Kpa Diaphragm Area = Total area -Area of valve body = 0.25TT (220X10-3)2 0.25TT (54X10-3) 2 = 35.72 x 10-3 Force of Diaphragm = Pressure x Area = 54Kpa x 10-3 x 35.72 x 10-3 = 1928.88 Nm Booster output force= Diaphragm force (spring pre-tension + rate of spring x movement of piston) = 1928.88 Nm (80N + 12N/m x 6.83) = 1928.88 Nm 156.56 = 1772.32 Nm Driver applied force = Applied force x pedal ratio + Booster output = 80N x 7.2+ 1772.32 Nm = 2348.32 N Piston force = Booster force (Pretension force + Rate of spring x movement of piston) = 2348.32 N (15N +8N/m x 6.38) = 2348.32 N 66.04 = 2282.28N Pressure = ____Force___ Area of piston = 2282.28N 0.25 TT D2 = 2282.28N 0.25TT (26 x 10-3)2 = 42986.52 Pa or 4.29 Mpa Caliper force = Pressure x Area = 42986.52 Pa x 0.25TT (46 X10-3)2 = 7143.94N Transmitted force = Caliper force x Co-efficient of friction x Number of pads = 7143.94N x 0.35 x 2 = 5000.758N Torque = Transmitted force x Effective radius = 5000.758N x 0.125m = 625.094Nm Tractive = Torque (Braking) Radius of wheel = 625.094Nm 0.35m = 1785.985N Difference between Tractive with without brake booster Tractive different = Tractive with brake booster Tractive without brake booster = 1785.985N 226.79N In the previous calculations it just goes to show you how useful the brake booster application is in todays modern vehicle, because if it wasnt we would have to apply a major amount of pressure to the brake pedal, the brake booster wasnt really put to its application till the early 1950s, but in this modern day and age there are more technical designs which involve a use of 2 and 4 pot calipers this design isnt just to make the brake system look better but it also increases the tractive braking force The design of the brake discs and caliper varies. Some are simply solid steel and some are made up of carbon fibers, but others are hollowed out with fins joining together the discs two contact surfaces usually included as part of a casting process. This ventilated disc design helps to dissipate the generated heat. Many motor bikes and sport car brakes instead have many small holes drilled through them for the same purpose. Additionally, the holes aid the pads in wiping water from the braking surface. Other designs include slots shallow channels machined into the disc to aid in removing used brake material from the brake pads. Slotted discs are generally not used on road cars because they quickly wear down brake pads. However this removal of material is beneficial to race cars since it keeps the pads soft and avoids verification of their surfaces. Some discs are both drilled and slotted. Pistons cylinders The most common caliper design uses a single hydraulically actuated piston within a cylinder, although high performance brakes use as many as 8. Modern cars use different hydraulic circuits to actuate the brakes on each set of wheels as a safety measure. The hydraulic design also helps multiply braking force. Failure can occur due to failure of the piston to retract this is usually a consequence of not operating the vehicle during a time that it is stored outdoors in adverse conditions. For high mileage vehicles the piston seals may leak, which must be promptly corrected. Parking brakes Most vehicles include a mechanical parking brake system also called an emergency brake which operates on the rear wheels. These systems are very effective with drum brakes, since these tend to lock. The adoption of rear-wheel disc brakes caused concern that a disc-based parking brake would not effectively hold a vehicle on an incline. Today, most cars use the disc for parking, though some still rely on separate drums. An emergency brake is a braking system that is generally only to be used in emergency situations to slow or stop a machine. The most well known emergency brakes are those in trains and automotive vehicles. Many people shorten emergency and call the devices e-brakes. Additionally, in the automotive side, they are also known as parking brakes and hand brakes. In cars, the emergency brake is a supplementary system that can be used if the vehicles primary brake system has a failure. Automobile e-brakes usually consist of a cable directly connected to the brake mechanism on one end and to some type of lever that can be actuated by the driver on the other end. DATA: Forced applied: 80N Length of brake pedal: 360mm Pedal movement: 46mm Pivot of brake booster: 50mm Diaphragm diameter: 220mm Valve body diameter: 52mm Spring rate: 80 N Pre tension of diaphragm spring: 12 N/m Ambient pressure: 90kpa Manifold pressure: 36kpa Diameter of master cylinders: 26mm Piston spring pretension: 15 N Piston spring rate: 8 N/m Wheel Diameter: 625mm Efficient disc diameter: 0.35 / 250mm Calliper piston: 46mm x 2 Calculation with brake booster for two pot callipers: Pedal ratio = Length of pedal Pivot of brake booster =360mm 50mm =7.2 Movement = Pedal movement Pedal ratio =46mm 7.2 = 6.38 Diaphragm pressure = Ambient pressure Manifold pressure = 90Kpa 36Kpa = 54 Kpa Diaphragm Area = Total area Area of valve body = 0.25TT (220 x 10 -3) 2 -0.25TT (54 x 10 -3 ) 2 = 35.72 x 10 -3 Force of diaphragm = Pressure x Area = 54 Kpa x10 -3 x 35.72 x 10 -3 = 1928.88 Nm Booster output force = Diaphragm force (spring pretension + rate of spring movement of piston) =1928.88 Nm ( 80 N + 12 N/m x 6.38) =1928.88 Nm 156.56 = 1772.32 Nm Driver s applied force = Applied force x pedal ratio + booster output = 80 N x 6.38+ 1772.32 Nm = 2348.32 Piston force = Booster force (pretension force = rate of spring x movement of piston) = 2348.32- (15N + 8 N/m x 6.38) = 2348.32- 66.04 = 2282.28N Pressure = Force Area of piston = 2282.28N 0.25TT D2 = 2282.28N 0.25TT (26 x 10-3 )2 = 42986.52 Pa or 4.29mpa Caliper force = Pressure x area x number of pistons = 42986.52 Pa x 0.25TT (46 x 10 3)2 x 2 = 14287.88 N Transmitted force = Caliper Force x Co efficient of friction x number of pads = 14287.88 N x 0.35 x 2 = 10001.51 N Torque = Transmitted force x Effective radius =10001.51 N x 0.125 m = 1250.18 Nm Tractive = Torque Radius of wheel = 1250.18 Nm 0.35m = 3571.97N Tractive = Tractive for 2 pot caliper tractive for 1 pot caliper = 3571.97N 1785.985N = 1785.985N My thoughts After going through and researching all types of brakes and what there application is in todays modern motor vehicles, it showed that there are many uses for different types of brakes, especially when youre driving in different situations and environments, e.g. When driving in the city, you tend to use more of the braking system and when driving in the country you need heavy duty pads. It is essential that we know how the brakes work, and it is important to use the right type of brake pads for each different driving application. Some brakes work well once they are heated up and some work well in the colder conditions. So when we go get our brake pads changed its up to the mechanic to make that call to see what pads should be used for the correct braking situation. This will save damage to the brake disc and stop it from causing further damage to anything else. My concept is to some how get a recording device or some type of sensor that has a memory in which it recalls everything that you have done in regards to the braking system and the brake pads. This will keep a record of your amount of braking you have done and also what type of conditions you have been driving in. So this could tell you that you have been driving in a cold area but doing lots of braking , so when it come to changing these pads you could just unplug the sensor and check and make your own decision upon the type of pads that will suit to your braking application. Advantages of this concept are: The temperature will always be monitored You know exactly when you need to change you brake pads You know how much you are actually using the braking system You know exactly which brake pad is suited for the application No problems of over heating You know if there are any problems in regards to damage of brakes or discs